| The Following Topics Might Appear on the Final Exam (2018) |
| Insulators, Conductors |
| Induction of Charge |
| Charge Conservation |
| Electrostatic Polarization |
| Colomb's Law |
| Superposition |
| Defintion of Electric Field |
| Electric Field Due to a Point Charge |
| Electric Dipoles |
| Gauss' Law |
| Electric Field Lines |
| Defintion of Electric Potential |
| Electric Potential of a Point Charge |
| Defintion of Equipotential Surface |
| Relationship between Electric Field and Electric Potential |
| Definition of Capacitance |
| Capacitance of of a Parallel Plate Capacitor (C = ε0A/d) |
| Equivalent Capacitance of Capacitors in Series or in Parallel |
| Equivalent Resistence of Resistors in Series or in Parallel |
| Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor |
| Energy of a Charged Capacitor |
| Energy Density of an Electric Field |
| Definition of Current |
| Kirchhoff Loop Rule |
| Kirchhoff Junction Rule |
| Ohm's Law |
| Definition of EMF |
| Magnetic Field Lines (point toward S pole, away from N pole.) |
| Lorentz Force Law (Right-Hand Rule 1) |
| Motion of Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field |
| Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire in a Magnetic Field |
| Definition of Magnetic Moment |
| Torque on a Current-Carrying Loop of Wire in a Magnetic Field |
| Magnetic Field of a Straight Current-Carrying Wire (Right-Hand Rule 2) |
| Magnetic Field of Circular Loop of Current-Carrying Wire (Right-Hand Rule 3) |
| Difference Between a Motor and a Generator |
| Definition of Magnetic Flux |
| Faraday's Law |
| Lenz's Law |
| Mutual and Self Inductance |
| Definition of an Inductor |
| Units of Inductance |
| Circuit Symbol for an Inductor |
| Transformer (Ouput Voltage in terms of Input Voltage) |
| R-L Circuit (time constant, steady current) |
| Definition of Alternating Current |
| Circuit Symbol for an AC power source |
| Defintion of Reactance (Vpeak/Ipeak across a single AC circuit element) |
| Reactance of a Capacitor |
| Reactance of a Resistor |
| Reactance of an Inductor |
| Phase of Voltage Relative to AC Current for Resistor |
| Phase of Voltage Relative to AC Current for Inductor |
| Phase of Voltage Relative to AC Current for Capacitor |
| Defintion of Impedance (Vpeak/Ipeak across a multiple AC circuit elements) |
| Impedance of a Series R-L-C Circuit |
| Orientation of E and B Fields in an EM wave |
| Intensity as a function of Emax |
| Index of Refraction: n = c/v |
| Wavelength, speed, frequency of light in a medium with index of refraction n |
| Snell's Law |
| Total internal reflection & critical angle |
| Dispersion: index of refraction depends on wavelength (explains rainbow) |
| Polarization: Malus' Law |
| Two ways to polarize: filter & reflection |
| Huygen's principle: Every point on a wave front is itself a source of a wave front |
| Definition of image magnification: (image height)/(object height) |
| Definition of virtual image (light appears to diverge from its points, but it doesn't actually) |
| Definition of real image (light actually diverges from its points) |
| Mirror Equation |
| Defintions of focal point and focal length |
| Focal length of spherical mirror of radius R |
| Magnification due to spherical refracting surface (crystal ball) |
| Graphical methods for mirrors |
| Graphical methods for lens |
| Thin lens equation |
| Lens maker's equation |
| Diverging (f < 0) lens vs Converging lens (f > 0) |
| Definition of diopter |
| Lens to correct for nearsightedness |
| Lens to correct for farsightedness |
| Path length differences resulting in constructive and destructive interference |
| Positions of bright and dark bands in two-slit interference |
| Positions of dark bands in single-slit defraction |
| Condition for thin film interference (when no phase shifts occur) |
| Condition for thin film interference (when one phase shift occurs) |
| When 180o phase shift occurs on reflection from an interface |
| Angle of dark bands due to diffraction grating |
| Bragg's Law |
| Holography principle: All of the visual info about an object is contained in its inteference pattern (between light scattered from the object and a light source) at a surface surrounding the object |
| The double slit experiment: produces an interference pattern even when particles of light emerge from their source one at a time. |
| Quantum mechanics: needed to describe very small physical systems |
| Simultaneity of events not absolute |
| Length contraction (moving objects seem to contract in direction of motion) |
| Time dilation (moving clocks seem to slow down) |
| Gravitational Time dilation (the greater the gravity, the slower the clock) |
| Principle of Relativity (Laws of phyics same in all inertial reference frames) |
| Speed of light the same in all inertial reference frames |
| Definition of an inertial reference frame -- frame of reference of an observer who is not accelerating |
| Equivalence of mass and energy (E = mc2) |
| Photoelectric Effect (energy of ejected e- depends on frequency of light not its intensity) |
| Energy of photon (E = hf) |
| Frequency of photon an e- emits or absorbs in changing its energy level in an atom [f = (Ef - Ei)/h] |
| Dependence of Bohr atom's energy levels on n (En ~ -n-2) |
| Definition of coherent radiation (same phase, same frequency, same direction) |
| Stimulated Emission (photon of right frequency is "cloned" when it hits an excited atom ==> Laser light) |
| Compton Scattering (X-rays act like particles with momentum p = h/λ. Wavelength of scattered X-ray depends on scattering angle) |
| De Broglie Wavelength of a particle (λ = h/p) |
| Davisson-Germer Experiment (electrons act like waves in scattering from lattice according to Bragg's law) |
| Wave-particle duality (particles can act like waves, waves like particles) |
| Schrodinger Equation (solutions explain atomic structure, energy levels) |
| Quantum numbers for electron in an atom [n (principal), l (angular momentum), ml (magnetic), s (spin)] |
| Possible values for quantum numbers (1 ≤ n < infinity, 0 ≤ l ≤ (n-1), -l ≤ ml ≤ l, s = ±1/2) |
| Pauli Exclusion Principle (two electons cannot have the same set of values for its quantum numbers) |
| Central Field Approximation (simple analysis of hydrogen atom applied to complex atoms) |
| Max occupancy of a subshell |
| Number of orbitals in a subshell |
| Labels of subshells (l=0 → s, l=1 → p, etc.) |
| Constituents of nucleus (neutrons, protons) |
| Meaning of Atomic Number (number of protons) |
| Meaning of Mass Number (= number of protons + number of neutrons) |
| Radioactive decay law (N = N02-t/T) |
| Half life (T1/2 = 0.693/λ) and Mean Lifetime (Tmean = 1/λ) |
| Absorbed Dose [= (radiation absorbed)/(mass of tissue that absorbs it)] |
| Meaning of Relative Biological Effectiveness |
| Equivalent Dose = RBE x (Absorbed Dose) |
| Chief radiation risk to Americans (household radon) |
| Alpha Decay |
| Beta Minus Decay |
| Beta Plus Decay |
| Electron Capture |
| Gamma Decay |
| Nuclear Fission |
| Chain Reaction |
| Nuclear Reactions |
| Mass Deficit |
| Reaction Energy |
| Carbon-14 Dating |
| Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle |
| Exothermic Nuclear Reaction |
| Endothermic Nuclear Reaction |
| proton-proton nuclear fusion reaction |
| Nuclear Magnetic Resonace: nucleus only absorbs certain discrete frequencies of EM radiation to change the relative alignment of its magnetic moment (μ) with an external magnetic field (B) |
| Nuclear Magnetic Resonace: a nucleus can be identified by the frequencies of EM radiation that it absorbs |
| Nuclear Magnetic Resonace: the EM frequencies that nuclei absorb are harmless radio frequencies |
| Nuclear Magnetic Resonace: If the external magnetic field slowly changes with position, the spatial location of the nucleus aborbing an EM signal can be inferred |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Given the quantity of photons emitted at a particular frequencies, and the dependence of frequency on position (due to gradient magnets), can form detailed images of soft tissue |
| Imaging methods ordered by ionizing radiation dose from highest to lowest: CT, PET, MRI |
| Antiparticle of a particle has its same mass and spins but opposite charges |
| The Standard Model is to particle physics what the Periodic table is to chemistry |
| There are 4 fundamental forces (from strongest to weakest): Strong, Electromagnetic, Weak, Gravity |
| Particle exerts a force on each other by exchanging a force-mediating particle |
| The gluon is the force-mediating particle for the strong force |
| The photon is the force-mediating particle for the electromagnetic force |
| The W and Z bosons are the force-mediating particle for the weak force |
| The graviton is the hypothetical force-mediating particle for the gravitational force |
| According to the the Standard Model, the only indivisible particles [with half-integral spin (s=1/2,3/2, ...)] are quarks and leptons |
| According to the the Standard Model, common particles (e.g. protons, neutrons, electrons) are in Generation 1 |
| Ordering of Standard Model generations from lightest & most common to heaviest & least common: Generaton 1, Generation 2, Generation 3 |
| Protons and neutrons are each composed of 3 quarks |
| Electrons and positrons are both leptons |
| Hadrons are composite particles (composed of quarks) on which the strong force acts |
| Baryons are hadrons composed of 3 quarks. |
| Mesons are hadrons composed of 2 quarks (a quark, antiquark pair). |
| Quarks are always confined to the interior of hadrons, i.e. there are no free quarks. |
| Neutrons and protons are baryons. |
| With the detection in 2012 of the Higgs Boson, all of the particles predicted by the Standard Model have been discovered. |
| The role of the Higgs Boson in the Standard Model is to endow massive particles with their mass |
| The Large Hadron Collider near Geneva, Switzerland is a $6 billion machine designed to create and detect the Higgs Boson |
| In 1998 astronmers discovered that the expansion of the univese is accelerating. |
| Only 4% of the universe is made of normal matter |
| 23% of the univese is "dark matter": unknown, invisible matter that only interacts gravitationally |
| 73% of the universe is "dark energy": an unknown, anti-gravitating substance that is accelerating the expansion of the universe |
| The Standard Model unifies all of the fundamental forces except for gravity |
| The Higg's Boson was detected in the summer of 2012 using the Large Hadron Collider. |
| Exam will: |
| be closed book, closed notes. |
| be 50 questions |
| be 3 hours long |
| be multiple choice |
| allow calculators |
| provide value of constants you might need |